In 1943, the world’s three greatest powers plotted and planned the world’s future. Their leaders, Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin collectively made decisions dramatically affecting Romania and Moldova. Two representing democracies should have been accountable to their own electorate. Ruling by the people for the people with checks and balances to ensure this happened***.
În 1943, a treia putere din lume si cea mai mare putere dupa aria geografica si planificarea viitorului acesteea. Liderii, precum Roosevelt, Churchill si Stalin au luat decizii care in mod dramatic au afectat situatia Romaniei si a Moldovei. Aceste doua tari reprezentand niste tari democratice ar fi trebuit sa fie cat mai responsible in fata electoratului. Au facut diferite controale care au dus la asigurarea acestui lucru.
British governance of its war effort and foreign policy was effectively by committee. Slow but usually safer and more satisfactory. Thus in fact, Prime Minister Churchill continually faced the frustration of daily moderation and even serious opposition to many of his proposals. He often had to change his mind. The final resulting policies usually produced excellent outcomes.
Guvernarea britanica avand forte bine dezvoltate si politica externa asigurata. Lent, dar ca de obicei, asigura comisia. Astfel, prim-ministru Churchil continua sa se confrunte cu frustrarile moderate din partea opozitiei, uneori chiar abuzive. Politica acestuia a avut rezultate excelente.
Fully supported by his colleagues, Churchill bitterly opposed many decisions effectively reached by Stalin and Roosevelt. But had little choice in the matter. Churchill’s consistently proposed “Mediterranean plan” would have lead to Romania and probably Bessarabia being occupied by allied troops. Thus following a very different destiny.
Sustinut de colegii sai, Churchil s-a opus vehement political duse de catre Stalin si Roosevelt. Churchill a propus planul mediteran care ar fi dus la ocupatia Romaniei si a Basarabiei. Insa aceste doua destinatii au avut destine diferite.
The decisions which sealed the fates of Romania and Bessarabia were made at the Tehran Conference, Iran, November - December 1943. Stalin insisted on this venue which was under Soviet control. He persuaded President Roosevelt to abandon Churchill’s Mediterranean Plan. Churchill’s plan was for the allies to attack the Axis powers through Italy and the Balkans - marching into central Europe first.
Deciziile care au pecetluit soarta Romaniei si a Basarabiei au fost adoptate la conferinta de la Teheran din Iran in noiembrie-decembrie 1943. Stalin a insistat cu controlul sau. Roosevelt a fost convins sa-si abandoneze planul mediteran. Planul lui Churchill a fost sa atace puterile din Italia si Balcani dupa Europa centrala.
Instead Stalin’s original 1941 plan was re-affirmed. Britain and America would attack through north west France. Delayed year after year to Stalin’s fury, D Day was finally timed for May 1944. The weather delayed it further until June 6th. It was a very risky strategy.
Planul original a lui Stalin a fost reafirmat in anul 1941. Marea Britanie si America au atacat Franta de nord vest. Dupa un an, D. Day a fost oprit in 1944, luna mai. A fost o strategie foarte riscanta.
The Normandy coast landings nearly failed. The tanks used were US Shermans with a 75mm gun useless against the Panzer V, Panther and Tiger tanks they faced. The British offer of a superior tank gun was rejected. The Sherman itself, called a medium tank was in fact a light tank. Vulnerable to nearly every kind of artillery weapon the Germans had, including the infantryman’s Panzerfaust. Destroying German tanks thus depended upon airpower and occasionally naval gunfire.
Aterizări pe coasta Normandiei aproape nu a reuşit. Rezervoarele folosite au fost SUA Sherman cu un pistol 75mm inutil împotriva V-a Panzer, Panther şi tancuri Tiger cu care se confruntă acestea. Oferta britanica a fost respinsă. Sherman în sine, numit un rezervor de mediu a fost, de fapt, un rezervor de lumină. Vulnerabile la aproape orice fel de armă de artilerie. A distruge tancuri germane, prin urmare depindea Airpower şi focuri de armă, ocazional, navale.
D Day was successful due to several reasons. One was that five of the German Army’s best divisions due to be sent to north west France were held back in Italy. Because Churchill had persuaded Roosevelt and Stalin to mount a limited invasion of Italy at Anzio. Two, because a complex British lead deception plan deceived Hitler into thinking the real invasion would definitely be at Calais (further north). Hitler thus defied his generals and withheld vitally needed forces after D Day. Three, because Churchill himself personally drove the invention of amazingly radical engineering devices which enabled the landing of a massive amount of equipment and supplies in a very short time**** And finally because Hitler had heavily dosed on amphetamines the night before, leaving strict instructions he wasn’t to be woken up! His unavailability caused a paralysis in the German command structure
Acea zi a fost reuşită, datorită mai multor motive. Una a fost faptul că cinci dintre cele mai bune divizii de armata germană urmează să fie trimise la nord-vestul Franţei au avut loc din nou în Italia. Pentru că au convins pe Roosevelt, Churchill şi Stalin la o cale de invazia limitat de Italia la Anzio. Doi, pentru că un plan complex de britanic duce înselaciune înselati lui Hitler în gândire invazia reală s-ar fi cu siguranta de la Calais (nord suplimentare). Prin urmare, Hitler a sfidat generalii săi şi a reţinut un element central nevoie de forţele după d zi. Trei, deoarece Churchill însusi personal au condus la inventarea unor dispozitive de inginerie uimitor de radicale, ceea ce a permis aterizarea unei sume masive de echipamente şi bunuri într-un timp foarte scurt **** Şi, în sfârşit, deoarece Hitler a dozat foarte mult pe amfetamine cu o noapte inainte, lăsând instrucţiuni stricte de el a fost de a nu fi trezit! Indisponibilitatea lui provocat o paralizie în structura de comandă germană.
Take out just one of these elements and failure was a strong possibility. German tanks wreaked havoc amongst allied forces.
Scoate doar unul dintre aceste elemente şi insuficienţa cardiacă a fost o mare posibilitate. Tancuri germane faceau ravagii în rândul forţelor aliate.
President Roosevelt was enamoured by Stalin as he revealed in private to family members. The Chairman of the USSR Council of Peoples’ Commissars was “Uncle Joe” to him; a man labelled far worse than he was. American authors have explained how Roosevelt even favourably identified the Soviet system with his own American political background and beliefs. But more importantly, Roosevelt greatly believed in his own skill at managing people. He thought he could manage Stalin…
Preşedintele Roosevelt a fost medaliat de Stalin ca el a dezvăluit în privat la membrii familiei. Preşedinte al Consiliului Comisarilor Poporului din URSS "a fost" Unchiul Joe "pentru el, un om marcat mult mai rău decât a fost. Autori americani au explicat modul în Roosevelt, chiar favorabil identificat sistemul sovietic de fundal, cu propria sa politică americană şi credinţele. Dar, mai important, Roosevelt, foarte mult a crezut în propria abilitate de la oameni de gestionare. El a crezut că el ar putea gestiona lui Stalin ...
A recent British documentary looked at the strong similarities between warnings to Roosevelt from Churchill and the American ambassador in Moscow about the conduct of the Soviets in relation to events from 1943 onwards. The re-invasion of Poland being one very clear example. Both authors were of course totally unconnected. So how could President Roosevelt ignore these and many other similar warnings?
Un documentar recent britanic uitat la asemănările puternice dintre avertismentele de a Roosevelt, Churchill şi de la ambasadorul american la Moscova cu privire la conduita a sovieticilor în legătură cu evenimentele de la 1943 încoace. Re-invazie din Polonia fiind un exemplu foarte clar. Ambii autori au fost, desigur, cu totul străine. Deci, cum ar putea preşedintele Roosevelt ignora aceste si multe alte avertismente similare?
Roosevelt was a very sick man, slowly dying in fact. Like many men seeing themselves about to leave this world, he wanted to leave a positive legacy. Clinging to certain beliefs which had upheld him throughout his life. Roosevelt believed that with the offer of a further huge loan to the Soviet Union, Stalin would co-operate with Roosevelt’s own proposed international labour agreements for the protection of workers. Roosevelt believed that Stalin cared about working conditions in the Soviet Union.
Roosevelt a fost un om foarte bolnav, murind încet, de fapt. La fel ca mulţi bărbaţi văd la sine despre să părăsească această lume, a vrut să lase o moştenire pozitiv. Se închid la anumite convingeri, care a admis-l pe tot parcursul vieţii sale. Roosevelt a crezut că, odată cu oferta de un împrumut mai mare faţă de Uniunea Sovietică, Stalin s-ar coopera cu propriul lui Roosevelt a propus acorduri internaţionale a forţei de muncă pentru protecţia lucrătorilor. Roosevelt a crezut că Stalin a păsat condiţiilor de muncă în Uniunea Sovietică.
By modern US standards, Roosevelt’s foreign policy approach was near socialism: unacceptable to American political leaders today.
Prin moderne standarde americane, străine lui Roosevelt abordare politică a fost aproape de a socialismului: astăzi inacceptabile pentru americani liderilor politici.
So what about the controls, checks and balances which exist in that powerful democracy? In fact this part of Roosevelt’s foreign policy was opposed from within the US regime. But then and now a US president has enormous powers. Roosevelt easily defeated or bypassed his opponents.
Deci, ce despre controalele, verificările şi soldurile care există în faptul că democraţia puternic? De fapt, această parte a politicii lui Roosevelt externă a fost opus din cadrul regimului SUA. Dar, apoi, şi acum un presedinte american are puteri enorme. Roosevelt a învins cu uşurinţă sau de ocolit adversarii săi.
In Britain, citizens here were suspicious of the Soviet Union then. But in 1930s and early 1940s America, many people even supported the Soviet Union! The media largely accepted the US government’s view that Stalin’s rule was beneficial. America’s most prestigious Time magazine had Stalin as “Man of the Year” in 1942 (& 1939).*****.
In Marea Britanie, cetăţenii aici au fost suspicioşi faţă de Uniunea Sovietică de atunci. Dar, în anii 1930 şi 1940 timpuriu Americii, mulţi oameni chiar a sprijinit Uniunea Sovietică! Mass-media în mare măsură acceptat punctul de vedere al guvernului american de faptul că regula lui Stalin a fost benefic. Cele mai prestigioase din America revista Time a avut Stalin ca "Omul Anului" în 1942 (si 1939).*****.
By British standards the American media has been insufficiently independent minded and exercised a lot of self censorship. It has often been reluctant to seriously criticise its politicians. But fortunately that is changing more and more. Partly because of the impact of the internet and partly because of George W Bush - widely rated as America’s worst president ever.
Prin standardele britanice mass-media americană a fost insuficienta independenta de minte şi a exercitat o mulţime de cenzură de sine. Acesta a fost de multe ori reticenta în a critica serios politicienii sale. Dar, din fericire, se schimbă mai mult şi mai mult. În parte din cauza impactului pe internet şi, în parte din cauza lui George W. Bush - evaluat la scară largă cel mai grav în calitate de preşedinte al Americii vreodată.
***The Americans have their own statement on democracy: President Lincoln’s Gettysburg address, 1863. Made there after this major battle in the American Civil War. Regarded by many as the most famous statement in US history. Below is the core of its most quoted part.
“…we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain, that this nation under God shall have a new birth freedom, and that government of the people, for the people shall not perish from the earth.” [My italics]
*** Americanii au declaraţia lor proprii privind democraţia: adresa preşedintelui Lincoln's Gettysburg, 1863. Made acolo după această bătălie majore în Războiului Civil American. Considerată de mulţi ca declaraţia cea mai faimoasa din istoria Statelor Unite. Mai jos este nucleul partea sa cea mai citata.
"... Noi aici extrem de a rezolva aceste mort că nu trebuie să fi murit în zadar, că această naţiune în conformitate cu Dumnezeu trebuie să aibă o noua libertate naştere, şi că guvernul a poporului, pentru popor să nu piară, de pe pământ." [Sublinierea mea]
President Lincoln “re-imagined the purpose of America” (British historian, Tristram Hunt). Employing and managing its most talented statesmen whose varied views clashed in a “Team of Rivals”. The title of a recent book promoted by President Obama who follows this approach.
Preşedintele Lincoln "re-imaginat scopul de a Americii" (istoricul britanic, Tristram Hunt). Angajarea de stat şi gestionarea sale cele mai talentaţi ale căror opinii variat s-au ciocnit într-o echipă ", a Rivals". Titlul unei cărţi recent promovat de către Preşedintele Obama, care urmează această abordare.
**** Churchill had a fascinating and extensive military career extending back well before the First World War. Being personally involved in close quarters combat and volunteering for a front line trench position in the First World War. Interestingly, Churchill’s mother was American. Americans have always greatly respected him and often refer to him. George Bush had a bust of Churchill placed prominently in the White House.
**** Churchill a avut o carieră fascinantă şi extinsă militare de prelungire spate cu mult înainte de Primul Război mondial. Fiind implicat personal în luptă strânsă de trimestre şi de voluntariat pentru un front linie de poziţie şanţ în primul război mondial. Interesant, mama a lui Churchill a fost american.
Americanii l-au respectat întotdeauna foarte mult pe el şi de multe ori se referă la el. George Bush a avut un bust cu Churchill a plasat vizibil în Casa Albă.
***** Look at the other men of the year about that time too whose inclusion was not always an endorsement.
***** Uită-te la alţi bărbaţi a anului cu privire la acel moment prea a căror includere nu a fost întotdeauna aprobata.
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Kursk / Cursc 1943
The impressive often repeated 1970s (WW2) “The World At War” documentary series stated (from memory). “On the Russian front, for every German soldier who fell, four Russian soldiers fell”. Well, not properly reported was the fact that over a million others fought alongside the German Army. Including large Romanian forces and many Ukrainians appalled at what Stalin did in the Ukraine in the 1930s… The records show they fought hard and inflicted heavy casualties on the Soviet army.
“Pe frontul rus pentru fincare soldat german mort, mureau patru soldati rusi.”. Deseori se uita ca de partea germanilor armata au luptat cu milioane de nationalisti cu mar fi romani, ucraineni, impresionati de actiunile lui Stalin in Ucraina in anii 30 a anului 20. Se dateaza ca au fost multe pierderi.
When the Russians got their act together, they combined great cunning with their own original approach. For example they knew the Germans would use their usual pincer tactics on the huge Kursk salient. So they built massive fortifications in depth. Heavily mined with huge amounts of artillery, tanks and men. The often marshy terrain was much more suitable for cruder, tougher Russian equipment like the T34 tank.
De exemplu, ei stiau ca germanii vor utiliza unele tactici “ clesnea” in cadrul operatiunii Cursc. De aia au construit fortificatii masive si si-au intarit artilerii mari si tancuri. Cand au inceput atacurile cu tancuri “T34”, Cursc a fost invitat pentru ca sa distruga armata inamicilor.
The Germans’ latest tank, the Panther and the almost indestructible Tiger pitted against the Russian T34: the tank on the plinth in Tiraspol. We warned the Russians of the exact time the Germans would attack. Marshall Zhukov trusted us - his forces (counter)attacking at that same moment. This lead to one of the greatest tank clashes in history. Hundreds of tanks destroyed on both sides with enormous casualties.
Doua tancuri noi, Pantera si Tigru au luptat contra tancurilor rusesti “T34”. Tancul “T34” acum. Face parte din patrimoeniul nacional in Transnistria. Noi i-am preintampinat pe rusii despre intentiile germanilor.Marsal Jucov s-a increzut in spusele noastre- puterile lui au dat o lovitura in acel moment.Acest atac a adus in acel moment la o infruntare in acel moment.Sute de tancuri au fost distruse in acea infruntare.
However it was attacked, Kursk was an invitation to destruction. What Russian military scientists call “reflexive control”: the defeat of an adversary through his own efforts.
After a time, the Germans abandoned their attack. Kursk was the turning point, for after that the Soviets had the initiative, driving westwards.
Dupa un timp germanii au intrerupt atacurile. Cursc a luat initiativa in mainele sale si a inceput sa atace din occident. Din punct de vedere antirusesc raspunsul corect ar fi o scuza neintemeiata.
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Iaşi-Chişinău offensive 1944
In 1944 in Romania and Moldova, the Germans and their Romanian allies were crushed with huge losses. Casualties on the Russian side being far lower. I think like us, the Russians discovered the Germans’ weakness: predictability caused by over rigid thinking. The Germans were of course well aware of this but believed in their own superiority. For if you’re the best, how can the enemy stop you?
In anul 1944 in Romania si Moldova germanii si romani au suferit multe pierderi.Cred ca, si noi ca si rusii ne-am dat seama ca suntem slabi in fata germanilor. Germanii, desigur, si-au dat seama de acest lucru. De aia daca sunteti mai buni cu mar putea sa va opreasca dusmanii?